# Dos2unix

• In DOS/Windows text files, a line break, also known as newline, is a combination of two characters: a carriage return (CR) followed by a line feed (LF). In Unix text files a line break is a single character: the line feed (LF). In Mac text files, before macOS X, a line break was single carriage return (CR) character. Nowadays, macOS uses Unix style (LF) line breaks.
• nary files are automatically skipped, unless conversion is forced.
• n-regular files, such as directories and FIFOs, are automatically skipped.
• Synbolic links and their targets are by default kept untouched. Symbolic links can optionally be replaced, or the output can be written to the symbolic link target. Symbolic links on Windows are not supported. Windows symbolic links are always replaced, keeping the targets unchanged.

Dos2unix was modelled after dos2unix under SunOS/Solaris and has similar conversion modes.

• dos2unix [options] [FILE ...] [-n INFILE OUTFILE ...]
• unix2dos [options] [FILE ...] [-n INFILE OUTFILE ...]

• Treat all options that follow as file names.
• Use this option, for instance, if you want to convert files whose names start with a dash.
• So, to convert a file named "-foo", you can use this command:

dos2unix -- -foo Or in new file mode:
dos2unix -n -- -foo out.txt

-ascii	Convert only line breaks. This is the default conversion mode.
-iso	Conversion between DOS and ISO-8859-1 character set. See also section CONVERSION MODES.
-1252	Use Windows code page 1252 (Western European).
-437	Use DOS code page 437 (US). This is the default code page used for ISO conversion.
-850	Use DOS code page 850 (Western European)
-860	Use DOS code page 860 (Portuguese).
-863	Use DOS code page 863 (French Canadian).
-865	Use DOS code page 865 (Nordic).
-7	    Convert 8 bit characters to 7 bit space.
-c,
--convmode CONVMODE	Set conversion mode. Where CONVMODE is one of: ascii, 7bit, iso, or mac, with ascii being the default.
-f, --force	Force conversion of binary files.
-h, --help	Display help and exit.
-k, --keepdate	Keep the date stamp of output file same as input file.
-L, --license	Display program's license.
-l, --newline	

• dos2unix: Only DOS line breaks are changed to two Unix line breaks. In Mac mode, only Mac line breaks are changed to two Unix line breaks.
• unix2dos: Only Unix line breaks are changed to two DOS line breaks. In Mac mode, Unix line breaks are changed to two Mac line breaks.
• -m, --add-bom: Write an UTF-8 Byte Order Mark in the output file. Never use this option when the output encoding is other than UTF-8. See also section UNICODE.
• -n, --newfile INFILE OUTFILE ...

-o, --oldfile FILE ...

• Old file mode. Convert file FILE and overwrite output to it. The program defaults to run in this mode. Wildcard names may be used.
• In old file (in-place) mode the converted file gets the same owner, group, and read/write permissions as the original file. Also, wh-en the file is converted by another user who has write permissions on the file (e.g., user root).
• The conversion will be aborted when it is not possible to preserve the original values. Change of owner could mean that the original owner is not able to read the file any more. Change of group could be a security risk, the file could be made readable for persons for whom it is not intended. Preservation of owner, group, and read/write permissions is only supported on Unix.

-q, --quiet Quiet mode. Suppress all warnings and messages. The return value is zero. Except when wrong command-line options are used. -s, --safe Skip binary files (default). -F, --follow-symlink Follow symbolic links and convert the targets. -R, --replace-symlink Replace symbolic links with converted files (original target files remain unchanged). -S, --skip-symlink Keep symbolic links and targets unchanged (default). -V, --version Display version information and exit.

• In normal mode line breaks are converted from DOS to Unix and vice versa. Mac line breaks are not converted.
• In Mac mode, line breaks are converted from Mac to Unix and vice versa. DOS line breaks are not changed.
• To run in Mac mode, use the command-line option "-c mac" or use the commands "mac2unix" or "unix2mac".

ascii In mode "ascii" only line breaks are converted. This is the default conversion mode.

Although the name of this mode is ASCII, which is a 7 bit standard, the actual mode is 8 bit. Use always this mode when converting Unicode UTF-8 files.

7bit In this mode all 8 bit non-ASCII characters (with values from 128 to 255) are converted to a 7 bit space.

• Characters are converted between a DOS character set (code page) and ISO character set ISO-8859-1 (Latin-1) on Unix. DOS characters without ISO-8859-1 equivalent, for which conversion is not possible, are converted to a dot. The same counts for ISO-8859-1 characters without DOS counterpart.
• When only option "-iso" is used dos2unix will try to determine the active code page. When this is not possible dos2unix will use default code page CP437, which is mainly used in the USA. To force a specific code page use options "-437" (US), "-850" (Western European), "-860" (Portuguese), "-863" (French Canadian), or "-865" (Nordic). Windows code page CP1252 (Western European) is also supported with option "-1252". For other code pages use dos2unix in combination with
• Never use ISO converion on Unicode text files. It will corrupt UTF-8 encoded files.

Convert from DOS default code page to Unix Latin-1:

dos2unix -iso -n in.txt out.txt

Convert from DOS CP850 to Unix Latin-1:

dos2unix -850 -n in.txt out.txt

Convert from Windows CP1252 to Unix Latin-1:

dos2unix -1252 -n in.txt out.txt

Convert from Windows CP1252 to Unix UTF-8 (Unicode):

Convert from Unix Latin-1 to DOS default code page:

unix2dos -iso -n in.txt out.txt

Convert from Unix Latin-1 to DOS CP850:

unix2dos -850 -n in.txt out.txt

Convert from Unix Latin-1 to Windows CP1252:

unix2dos -1252 -n in.txt out.txt

Convert from Unix UTF-8 (Unicode) to Windows CP1252:

unix2dos < in.txt | 

See also http://czyborra.com/charsets/codepages.html and http://czyborra.com/charsets/iso8859.html.

Conversion modes ascii, 7bit, and iso are similar to those of dos2unix/unix2dos under SunOS/Solaris.

• There exist different Unicode encodings.
• On Linux, Unicode files are often encoded in UTF-8 encoding.
• On Windows Unicode text files can be encoded in UTF-8, UTF-16, or UTF-16 big endian, but are mostly encoded in UTF-16 format.

Unicode text files can have DOS, Unix or Mac line breaks, like regular text files.

• All versions of dos2unix and unix2dos can convert UTF-8 encoded files, because UTF-8 was designed for backward compatibility with ASCII.
• dos2unix and unix2dos with Unicode UTF-16 support can read little and big endian UTF-16 encoded text files. To see if dos2unix was built with UTF-16 support type "dos2unix -V".
• The Windows versions of dos2unix and unix2dos convert UTF-16 encoded files always to UTF-8 encoded files. Unix versions of dos2unix/unix2dos convert UTF-16 encoded files to the locale character encoding when it is set to UTF-8. Use the locale command to find out what the locale character encoding is.
• Because UTF-8 formatted text files are well supported on both Windows and Unix, dos2unix, and unix2dos have no option to write UTF-16 files. All UTF-16 characters can be encoded in UTF-8. Conversion from UTF-16 to UTF-8 is without loss. UTF-16 files will be skipped on Unix when the locale character encoding is not UTF-8, to prevent accidental loss of text. When an UTF-16 to UTF-8 conversion error occurs, for instance when the UTF-16 input file contains an error, the file will be skipped.
• ISO and 7-bit mode conversion do not work on UTF-16 files.

• On Windows, Unicode text files often have a Byte Order Mark (BOM), because many Windows programs (including Notepad) add BOMs by default. See also https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byte_order_mark.
• On Unix, Unicode files often don't have a BOM. It is assumed that text files are encoded in the locale character encoding.
• dos2unix can only detect if a file is in UTF-16 format if the file has a BOM. When an UTF-16 file doesn't have a BOM, dos2unix sees the file as a binary file.
• Use dos2unix in combination with
• Dos2unix never writes a BOM in the output file, unless you use option "-m".
• Unix2dos writes a BOM in the output file when the input file has a BOM, or when option "-m" is used.

Convert from Windows UTF-16 (with BOM) to Unix UTF-8:

dos2unix -n in.txt out.txt

Convert from Windows UTF-16 (without BOM) to Unix UTF-8:

Convert from Unix UTF-8 to Windows UTF-8 with BOM:

unix2dos -m -n in.txt out.txt

Convert from Unix UTF-8 to Windows UTF-16:

unix2dos < in.txt | 

Use dos2unix in combination with the find and xargs commands to recursively convert text files in a directory tree structure. For instance to convert all .txt files in the directory tree under the current directory type:

find . -name *.txt | xargs dos2unix

The primary language is selected with the environment variable LANG. The LANG variable consists out of several parts. The first part is in small letters the language code. The second is optional and is the country code in capital letters, preceded with an underscore. There is also an optional third part: character encoding, preceded with a dot. A few examples for POSIX standard type shells:

export LANG=nl	            Dutch
export LANG=nl_NL       	Dutch,      The Netherlands
export LANG=nl_BE	        Dutch,      Belgium
export LANG=es_ES	        Spanish,    Spain
export LANG=es_MX	        Spanish,    Mexico
export LANG=en_US.iso88591	English,    USA,    Latin-1 encoding
export LANG=en_GB.UTF-8 	English,    UK,     UTF-8 encoding

• For a complete list of language and country codes see the gettext manual: https://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/manual/gettext.html#Language-Codes
• On Unix systems, you can use to command locale to get locale-specific information.

• With the LANGUAGE environment variable you can specify a priority list of languages, separated by colons. Dos2unix gives preference to LANGUAGE over LANG. For instance, first Dutch and then German: "LANGUAGE=nl:de". You have to first enable localization, by setting LANG (or LC_ALL) to a value other than "C", before you can use a language priority list through the LANGUAGE variable. See also the gettext manual: https://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/manual/gettext.html#The-LANGUAGE-variable
• If you select a language that's not available, the standard English messages are shown.

With the environment variable DOS2UNIX_LOCALEDIR, the LOCALEDIR set during compilation can be overruled. LOCALEDIR is used to find the language files. The GNU default value is "/usr/local/share/locale". Option --version displays the LOCALEDIR that is used.

export DOS2UNIX_LOCALEDIR=$HOME/share/locale

# Return values
On success, zero is returned. When a system error occurs the last system error will be returned. For other errors 1 is returned.

The return value is always zero in quiet mode, except when wrong command-line options are used.

Get input from stdin and write output to stdout.

dos2unix a.txt b.txt
dos2unix -o a.txt b.txt

Both of the above commands will do the same thing: convert, and replace, both a.txt and b.txt in one command.

dos2unix -k a.txt

Converts and replaces a.txt while keeping original date stamp.